Marie Lebert
NEF, University of Toronto, 2009The book is no longer what it used to be.
The electronic book (ebook) was born in 1971, with the first steps of Project Gutenberg, a
digital library for books from public domain. It is nearly 40 years old, already. But this is a
short life compared to the 5-century old print book.
The internet went live in 1974, with the creation of the protocol TCP/IP by Vinton Cerf and
Bob Kahn. It began spreading in 1983 as a network for research centers and universities. It
got its first boost with the invention of the web by Tim Berners-Lee in 1990, and its second
boost with the release of the first browser Mosaic in 1993. From 1994 onwards, the internet
quickly spread worldwide.
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